Principles of Design

1. Balance

Balance in art refers to the distribution of visual weight within a composition. It can be achieved through symmetrical, asymmetrical, or radial balance.

Symmetrical Balance: This occurs when elements are mirrored around a central axis, creating a sense of equilibrium. For example, a portrait where the left and right sides of the face are nearly identical.

Asymmetrical Balance: This involves balancing elements of differing visual weight on either side of the composition. For instance, a large, dark object on one side balanced by several smaller, lighter objects on the other side.

Radial Balance: This is achieved when elements radiate from a central point, creating a circular balance. Think of a mandala, where patterns and shapes are arranged around a central point.

2. Emphasis

Emphasis in art is the principle of creating a focal point or center of interest within a composition. This is often achieved through contrast, placement, and size.

Contrast: Using contrasting colors, shapes, or textures to draw attention to a specific area. For example, a bright red object placed against a background of muted blues and greens.

Placement: Positioning important elements in areas that naturally attract the viewer's eye, such as the center or at the intersections of a grid. For instance, placing the main subject at the top of a composition to create a sense of importance.

Size: Making certain elements larger or more detailed than others to highlight their significance. For example, a detailed, large figure in the foreground with smaller, less detailed figures in the background.

3. Unity

Unity in art refers to the overall coherence and harmony of a composition. It is achieved through the use of repetition, rhythm, and harmony.

Repetition: Repeating elements such as colors, shapes, or lines to create a sense of cohesion. For example, a series of similar shapes arranged in a pattern.

Rhythm: Creating a visual rhythm through the repetition of elements in a consistent manner. Think of a series of dots or lines that lead the viewer's eye through the composition.

Harmony: Achieving harmony by ensuring that all elements in the composition work together to create a unified whole. For instance, using complementary colors and consistent styles throughout a painting.