7-1 Wireless Basics Explained

Wireless networking is a fundamental aspect of modern network infrastructure, enabling devices to connect without the need for physical cables. Understanding wireless basics is crucial for the MikroTik Certified Network Associate (MTCNA) certification.

Key Concepts

1. Wireless Standards

Wireless standards define the protocols and technologies used for wireless communication. Common standards include IEEE 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac, and 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6). Each standard operates at different frequencies and offers varying data rates and ranges.

2. Frequency Bands

Wireless networks operate in different frequency bands, including 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. The 2.4 GHz band offers better penetration through walls but is more susceptible to interference. The 5 GHz band provides higher data rates but has a shorter range.

3. Channels

Wireless networks use channels within the frequency bands to transmit data. Channels are specific frequency ranges within the band. For example, the 2.4 GHz band has 14 channels, while the 5 GHz band has many more channels. Choosing the right channel can minimize interference and improve performance.

4. SSID and BSSID

SSID (Service Set Identifier) is the name of a wireless network that devices use to connect. BSSID (Basic Service Set Identifier) is the MAC address of the wireless access point (AP) that identifies the specific network.

5. Wireless Modes

Wireless modes define how devices communicate with the AP. Common modes include Access Point (AP), Station (STA), and Mesh. AP mode allows devices to connect to the network, STA mode allows a device to connect to an AP, and Mesh mode allows multiple APs to communicate without a wired backbone.

Detailed Explanation

Wireless Standards

Wireless standards ensure interoperability between devices. For example, 802.11n operates in both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands and offers data rates up to 600 Mbps. 802.11ac, also known as Wi-Fi 5, operates in the 5 GHz band and offers data rates up to 1.3 Gbps. Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) improves on these standards with higher efficiency and capacity.

Frequency Bands

The 2.4 GHz band is widely used and offers good range but is prone to interference from devices like microwaves and cordless phones. The 5 GHz band offers less interference and higher data rates but has a shorter range. Choosing the right band depends on the environment and performance requirements.

Channels

In the 2.4 GHz band, channels 1, 6, and 11 are non-overlapping and are often used to minimize interference. In the 5 GHz band, there are many more channels, allowing for better separation and less interference. Tools like inSSIDer can help identify the best channels for your network.

SSID and BSSID

SSID is the name of the wireless network that users see when searching for available networks. BSSID is the unique identifier of the AP, which helps in troubleshooting and identifying specific networks. For example, an SSID might be "HomeNetwork," while the BSSID could be "00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E."

Wireless Modes

AP mode is the most common, where the AP acts as a central hub for devices to connect. STA mode is used when a device connects to an AP, such as a laptop connecting to a Wi-Fi network. Mesh mode is used in large environments where multiple APs need to communicate wirelessly without a wired connection.

Examples and Analogies

Example: Wireless Standards

Think of wireless standards as different languages. Just as people use different languages to communicate, devices use different wireless standards to communicate. For example, 802.11n is like English, widely spoken and understood, while 802.11ax is like a new, more efficient language.

Example: Frequency Bands

Consider frequency bands as different roads. The 2.4 GHz band is like a busy highway with many cars (devices), while the 5 GHz band is like a less congested expressway with fewer cars. Choosing the right road depends on the destination and traffic conditions.

Example: Channels

Imagine channels as different lanes on a highway. Just as choosing the right lane can reduce traffic jams, choosing the right channel can reduce interference and improve network performance. For example, using non-overlapping channels in the 2.4 GHz band is like using different lanes to avoid traffic.

Example: SSID and BSSID

Think of SSID as the name of a store, and BSSID as the store's address. Just as you use the store's name to find it, you use the SSID to find the wireless network. The BSSID helps in identifying the exact location of the store, which is useful for troubleshooting and management.

Example: Wireless Modes

Consider wireless modes as different roles in a team. AP mode is like a team leader who coordinates communication between team members (devices). STA mode is like a team member who communicates with the leader. Mesh mode is like a team where members communicate directly with each other without a central leader.

By mastering these wireless basics, you can effectively design, configure, and troubleshoot wireless networks, ensuring reliable and efficient connectivity for all devices.