Science for Grade 4
1 Introduction to Science
1-1 Understanding the Nature of Science
1-2 Importance of Observation and Experimentation
1-3 Scientific Tools and Their Uses
2 Matter and Materials
2-1 Properties of Matter
2-1 1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases
2-1 2 Physical and Chemical Changes
2-2 States of Matter
2-2 1 Characteristics of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
2-2 2 Changes of State (Melting, Freezing, Boiling, Condensation)
2-3 Mixtures and Solutions
2-3 1 Types of Mixtures (Homogeneous and Heterogeneous)
2-3 2 Solubility and Factors Affecting Solubility
3 Force and Motion
3-1 Understanding Force
3-1 1 Types of Forces (Push, Pull, Friction, Gravity)
3-1 2 Effects of Force on Objects
3-2 Motion and Speed
3-2 1 Types of Motion (Linear, Circular, Oscillatory)
3-2 2 Measuring Speed and Distance
3-3 Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
3-3 1 Concept of Equilibrium
3-3 2 Newton's First Law of Motion
4 Energy
4-1 Forms of Energy
4-1 1 Mechanical, Thermal, Light, Sound, Electrical, and Chemical Energy
4-1 2 Transformation of Energy
4-2 Sources of Energy
4-2 1 Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Sources
4-2 2 Conservation of Energy
5 Earth and Space
5-1 Earth's Structure
5-1 1 Layers of the Earth (Crust, Mantle, Core)
5-1 2 Earth's Surface Features (Mountains, Valleys, Plains)
5-2 Weather and Climate
5-2 1 Weather Patterns and Instruments
5-2 2 Factors Affecting Climate
5-3 Solar System
5-3 1 Planets and Their Characteristics
5-3 2 Moon and Its Phases
6 Living Organisms and Ecosystems
6-1 Classification of Living Organisms
6-1 1 Kingdoms of Life (Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Monera)
6-1 2 Basic Needs of Living Organisms
6-2 Ecosystems
6-2 1 Components of an Ecosystem (Producers, Consumers, Decomposers)
6-2 2 Food Chains and Food Webs
6-3 Adaptations and Habitats
6-3 1 Adaptations for Survival
6-3 2 Types of Habitats (Forests, Deserts, Oceans, Grasslands)
7 Health and Nutrition
7-1 Human Body Systems
7-1 1 Digestive, Respiratory, Circulatory, and Nervous Systems
7-1 2 Functions of Body Systems
7-2 Nutrition and Diet
7-2 1 Nutrients and Their Functions
7-2 2 Balanced Diet and Healthy Eating Habits
7-3 Personal Hygiene
7-3 1 Importance of Cleanliness
7-3 2 Preventing Diseases
8 Environmental Science
8-1 Importance of Biodiversity
8-1 1 Types of Biodiversity (Genetic, Species, Ecosystem)
8-1 2 Threats to Biodiversity
8-2 Pollution and Its Effects
8-2 1 Types of Pollution (Air, Water, Soil)
8-2 2 Ways to Reduce Pollution
8-3 Conservation of Natural Resources
8-3 1 Sustainable Use of Resources
8-3 2 Role of Individuals in Conservation
Earth's Structure Explained

Earth's Structure Explained

Earth is a complex planet with several layers, each playing a crucial role in its overall structure and function. Let's explore the key layers of Earth: the Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, and Inner Core.

Crust

The Crust is the outermost layer of Earth. It is the thinnest layer, but it is where we live. The crust is made up of solid rocks and minerals. There are two types of crust: continental crust (where land is) and oceanic crust (where the ocean is).

Example: Think of the crust as the skin of an apple. It is thin compared to the rest of the apple, but it is the part we see and interact with.

Mantle

Beneath the crust is the Mantle. The mantle is a thick layer of hot, semi-solid rock. It is responsible for the movement of tectonic plates, which causes earthquakes and forms mountains.

Example: Imagine the mantle as the thick layer of jelly inside a sandwich. It is soft and can move, just like the mantle can move and cause changes on the surface of Earth.

Outer Core

The Outer Core is a liquid layer made of iron and nickel. It is extremely hot and generates Earth's magnetic field, which protects us from harmful solar winds.

Example: Think of the outer core as the liquid part of a lava lamp. It is hot and can flow, just like the outer core can flow and create a magnetic field.

Inner Core

The Inner Core is the deepest layer of Earth. It is a solid sphere made of iron and nickel. Despite the immense pressure and heat, the inner core remains solid, and it is the hottest part of Earth.

Example: Imagine the inner core as the hard candy center of a lollipop. It is solid and very hot, just like the inner core of Earth.

Understanding Earth's structure helps us appreciate the complexity and dynamics of our planet. Each layer plays a vital role in maintaining the balance and processes that sustain life on Earth.