Science for Grade 4
1 Introduction to Science
1-1 Understanding the Nature of Science
1-2 Importance of Observation and Experimentation
1-3 Scientific Tools and Their Uses
2 Matter and Materials
2-1 Properties of Matter
2-1 1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases
2-1 2 Physical and Chemical Changes
2-2 States of Matter
2-2 1 Characteristics of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
2-2 2 Changes of State (Melting, Freezing, Boiling, Condensation)
2-3 Mixtures and Solutions
2-3 1 Types of Mixtures (Homogeneous and Heterogeneous)
2-3 2 Solubility and Factors Affecting Solubility
3 Force and Motion
3-1 Understanding Force
3-1 1 Types of Forces (Push, Pull, Friction, Gravity)
3-1 2 Effects of Force on Objects
3-2 Motion and Speed
3-2 1 Types of Motion (Linear, Circular, Oscillatory)
3-2 2 Measuring Speed and Distance
3-3 Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
3-3 1 Concept of Equilibrium
3-3 2 Newton's First Law of Motion
4 Energy
4-1 Forms of Energy
4-1 1 Mechanical, Thermal, Light, Sound, Electrical, and Chemical Energy
4-1 2 Transformation of Energy
4-2 Sources of Energy
4-2 1 Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Sources
4-2 2 Conservation of Energy
5 Earth and Space
5-1 Earth's Structure
5-1 1 Layers of the Earth (Crust, Mantle, Core)
5-1 2 Earth's Surface Features (Mountains, Valleys, Plains)
5-2 Weather and Climate
5-2 1 Weather Patterns and Instruments
5-2 2 Factors Affecting Climate
5-3 Solar System
5-3 1 Planets and Their Characteristics
5-3 2 Moon and Its Phases
6 Living Organisms and Ecosystems
6-1 Classification of Living Organisms
6-1 1 Kingdoms of Life (Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Monera)
6-1 2 Basic Needs of Living Organisms
6-2 Ecosystems
6-2 1 Components of an Ecosystem (Producers, Consumers, Decomposers)
6-2 2 Food Chains and Food Webs
6-3 Adaptations and Habitats
6-3 1 Adaptations for Survival
6-3 2 Types of Habitats (Forests, Deserts, Oceans, Grasslands)
7 Health and Nutrition
7-1 Human Body Systems
7-1 1 Digestive, Respiratory, Circulatory, and Nervous Systems
7-1 2 Functions of Body Systems
7-2 Nutrition and Diet
7-2 1 Nutrients and Their Functions
7-2 2 Balanced Diet and Healthy Eating Habits
7-3 Personal Hygiene
7-3 1 Importance of Cleanliness
7-3 2 Preventing Diseases
8 Environmental Science
8-1 Importance of Biodiversity
8-1 1 Types of Biodiversity (Genetic, Species, Ecosystem)
8-1 2 Threats to Biodiversity
8-2 Pollution and Its Effects
8-2 1 Types of Pollution (Air, Water, Soil)
8-2 2 Ways to Reduce Pollution
8-3 Conservation of Natural Resources
8-3 1 Sustainable Use of Resources
8-3 2 Role of Individuals in Conservation
Human Body Systems Explained

Human Body Systems Explained

1. Skeletal System

The skeletal system provides structure and support to the body. It consists of bones, cartilage, and ligaments. This system protects internal organs, stores minerals, and produces blood cells.

Example: The skull protects the brain, and the ribcage protects the heart and lungs.

Analogy: Think of the skeletal system as the frame of a house. Just as the frame supports the house, the skeletal system supports the body.

2. Muscular System

The muscular system is responsible for movement, maintaining posture, and producing heat. It includes three types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

Example: Skeletal muscles, like those in your arms and legs, allow you to move. Cardiac muscles are found in the heart and help pump blood.

Analogy: Imagine the muscular system as the engine of a car. Just as the engine powers the car, the muscular system powers the body's movements.

3. Nervous System

The nervous system controls and coordinates body activities. It consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. This system sends and receives messages to and from different parts of the body.

Example: The brain sends signals to the muscles to move, and nerves carry these signals throughout the body.

Analogy: Think of the nervous system as the electrical wiring in a house. Just as wiring connects different rooms, the nervous system connects different parts of the body.

4. Circulatory System

The circulatory system transports blood, nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body. It includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Example: The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients and removing waste.

Analogy: Imagine the circulatory system as a water delivery system. Just as pipes deliver water to different parts of a house, blood vessels deliver blood to different parts of the body.

5. Respiratory System

The respiratory system allows the body to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide. It includes the nose, throat, windpipe, and lungs.

Example: When you breathe in, oxygen enters your lungs and is transported to your blood. When you breathe out, carbon dioxide is released.

Analogy: Think of the respiratory system as a ventilation system. Just as vents bring in fresh air and remove stale air, the respiratory system brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

6. Digestive System

The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that the body can use. It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and other organs.

Example: When you eat, food is broken down in the stomach and intestines, and nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream.

Analogy: Imagine the digestive system as a food processing factory. Just as a factory processes raw materials into finished products, the digestive system processes food into nutrients.

7. Excretory System

The excretory system removes waste products from the body. It includes the kidneys, bladder, and urinary tract.

Example: The kidneys filter blood to remove waste products, which are then excreted as urine.

Analogy: Think of the excretory system as a waste disposal system. Just as a garbage disposal removes waste from a house, the excretory system removes waste from the body.

Understanding these body systems helps us appreciate the complexity and interdependence of our bodies. Each system plays a crucial role in maintaining our health and well-being.