Science for Grade 7
1 Introduction to Science
1-1 Definition of Science
1-2 Importance of Science in Daily Life
1-3 Scientific Method
1-3 1 Observation
1-3 2 Hypothesis
1-3 3 Experimentation
1-3 4 Analysis
1-3 5 Conclusion
2 Matter and Its Properties
2-1 States of Matter
2-1 1 Solid
2-1 2 Liquid
2-1 3 Gas
2-2 Properties of Matter
2-2 1 Mass
2-2 2 Volume
2-2 3 Density
2-2 4 Solubility
2-3 Changes in Matter
2-3 1 Physical Changes
2-3 2 Chemical Changes
2-4 Mixtures and Solutions
2-4 1 Types of Mixtures
2-4 2 Separation Techniques
3 Force and Motion
3-1 Types of Forces
3-1 1 Gravitational Force
3-1 2 Frictional Force
3-1 3 Magnetic Force
3-1 4 Electrostatic Force
3-2 Motion
3-2 1 Speed and Velocity
3-2 2 Acceleration
3-2 3 Newton's Laws of Motion
3-2 3-1 First Law (Inertia)
3-2 3-2 Second Law (Force and Acceleration)
3-2 3-3 Third Law (Action and Reaction)
4 Energy
4-1 Forms of Energy
4-1 1 Kinetic Energy
4-1 2 Potential Energy
4-1 3 Thermal Energy
4-1 4 Electrical Energy
4-1 5 Light Energy
4-1 6 Sound Energy
4-2 Energy Conversion
4-2 1 Mechanical to Electrical
4-2 2 Chemical to Thermal
4-2 3 Light to Electrical
4-3 Conservation of Energy
5 Heat and Temperature
5-1 Temperature
5-1 1 Measurement of Temperature
5-1 2 Temperature Scales
5-2 Heat Transfer
5-2 1 Conduction
5-2 2 Convection
5-2 3 Radiation
5-3 Effects of Heat
5-3 1 Expansion
5-3 2 Change of State
6 Light and Sound
6-1 Light
6-1 1 Sources of Light
6-1 2 Reflection
6-1 3 Refraction
6-1 4 Lenses and Mirrors
6-2 Sound
6-2 1 Production of Sound
6-2 2 Properties of Sound
6-2 3 Reflection of Sound
6-2 4 Applications of Sound
7 Earth and Space
7-1 Earth's Structure
7-1 1 Crust
7-1 2 Mantle
7-1 3 Core
7-2 Earth's Atmosphere
7-2 1 Layers of the Atmosphere
7-2 2 Weather and Climate
7-3 Solar System
7-3 1 Planets
7-3 2 Sun
7-3 3 Moon
7-4 Space Exploration
7-4 1 Rockets
7-4 2 Satellites
7-4 3 Space Stations
8 Living Organisms and Ecosystems
8-1 Classification of Living Organisms
8-1 1 Kingdoms
8-1 2 Species
8-2 Ecosystems
8-2 1 Components of an Ecosystem
8-2 2 Food Chains and Webs
8-3 Adaptations
8-3 1 Physical Adaptations
8-3 2 Behavioral Adaptations
8-4 Human Impact on Ecosystems
8-4 1 Pollution
8-4 2 Conservation Efforts
9 Health and Nutrition
9-1 Human Body Systems
9-1 1 Circulatory System
9-1 2 Respiratory System
9-1 3 Digestive System
9-1 4 Nervous System
9-2 Nutrition
9-2 1 Essential Nutrients
9-2 2 Balanced Diet
9-3 Diseases and Prevention
9-3 1 Infectious Diseases
9-3 2 Non-infectious Diseases
9-3 3 Hygiene and Prevention
10 Environmental Science
10-1 Natural Resources
10-1 1 Renewable Resources
10-1 2 Non-renewable Resources
10-2 Pollution
10-2 1 Air Pollution
10-2 2 Water Pollution
10-2 3 Soil Pollution
10-3 Sustainable Development
10-3 1 Importance of Sustainability
10-3 2 Sustainable Practices
10-4 Climate Change
10-4 1 Causes of Climate Change
10-4 2 Effects of Climate Change
10-4 3 Mitigation Strategies
10.1.2 Non-renewable Resources Explained

Understanding Non-renewable Resources

Key Concepts

1. Definition of Non-renewable Resources

Non-renewable resources are natural resources that exist in fixed amounts and cannot be replenished within a human lifespan. They are formed over millions of years and are gradually depleted with use.

2. Types of Non-renewable Resources

Non-renewable resources include fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), minerals (iron ore, copper, gold), and nuclear fuels (uranium, thorium).

3. Fossil Fuels

Fossil fuels are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals that have been subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years. They are the primary source of energy for industries, transportation, and households.

4. Minerals

Minerals are inorganic substances that are essential for various industrial processes and manufacturing. They include metals like iron, copper, and gold, as well as non-metals like salt and sulfur.

5. Nuclear Fuels

Nuclear fuels are used to generate electricity through nuclear fission. Uranium and thorium are the primary nuclear fuels, and their use produces significant amounts of energy with minimal emissions.

6. Depletion of Non-renewable Resources

The depletion of non-renewable resources is a significant concern due to their finite nature. As these resources are used up, their availability decreases, leading to potential economic and environmental impacts.

7. Environmental Impact

The extraction and use of non-renewable resources have significant environmental impacts, including habitat destruction, air and water pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions.

8. Alternative Energy Sources

To mitigate the depletion of non-renewable resources, alternative energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal energy are being developed and utilized.

9. Sustainable Practices

Sustainable practices involve using resources efficiently and reducing waste to minimize the impact on the environment and ensure the availability of resources for future generations.

Explanation of Each Concept

1. Definition of Non-renewable Resources

Non-renewable resources are natural resources that cannot be replenished within a human lifespan. They are formed over millions of years and are gradually depleted with use.

2. Types of Non-renewable Resources

Non-renewable resources include fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), minerals (iron ore, copper, gold), and nuclear fuels (uranium, thorium). These resources are essential for various industrial and energy-related activities.

3. Fossil Fuels

Fossil fuels are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals that have been subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years. They are the primary source of energy for industries, transportation, and households.

4. Minerals

Minerals are inorganic substances that are essential for various industrial processes and manufacturing. They include metals like iron, copper, and gold, as well as non-metals like salt and sulfur.

5. Nuclear Fuels

Nuclear fuels are used to generate electricity through nuclear fission. Uranium and thorium are the primary nuclear fuels, and their use produces significant amounts of energy with minimal emissions.

6. Depletion of Non-renewable Resources

The depletion of non-renewable resources is a significant concern due to their finite nature. As these resources are used up, their availability decreases, leading to potential economic and environmental impacts.

7. Environmental Impact

The extraction and use of non-renewable resources have significant environmental impacts, including habitat destruction, air and water pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions.

8. Alternative Energy Sources

To mitigate the depletion of non-renewable resources, alternative energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal energy are being developed and utilized. These sources are renewable and have a lower environmental impact.

9. Sustainable Practices

Sustainable practices involve using resources efficiently and reducing waste to minimize the impact on the environment and ensure the availability of resources for future generations. This includes recycling, reducing energy consumption, and promoting renewable energy sources.

Examples and Analogies

Example 1: Fossil Fuels

Think of fossil fuels as ancient energy stored in the Earth. Just as a battery stores energy for future use, fossil fuels store the energy from ancient plants and animals for our current needs.

Example 2: Minerals

Minerals can be compared to the building blocks of our modern world. Just as bricks are essential for constructing buildings, minerals are essential for manufacturing various products and materials.

Analogy: Non-renewable Resources as Finite Pools

Think of non-renewable resources as finite pools of water. Once the water is used up, it cannot be replenished quickly. Similarly, once non-renewable resources are depleted, they cannot be replaced within a human lifespan.