Science for Grade 7
1 Introduction to Science
1-1 Definition of Science
1-2 Importance of Science in Daily Life
1-3 Scientific Method
1-3 1 Observation
1-3 2 Hypothesis
1-3 3 Experimentation
1-3 4 Analysis
1-3 5 Conclusion
2 Matter and Its Properties
2-1 States of Matter
2-1 1 Solid
2-1 2 Liquid
2-1 3 Gas
2-2 Properties of Matter
2-2 1 Mass
2-2 2 Volume
2-2 3 Density
2-2 4 Solubility
2-3 Changes in Matter
2-3 1 Physical Changes
2-3 2 Chemical Changes
2-4 Mixtures and Solutions
2-4 1 Types of Mixtures
2-4 2 Separation Techniques
3 Force and Motion
3-1 Types of Forces
3-1 1 Gravitational Force
3-1 2 Frictional Force
3-1 3 Magnetic Force
3-1 4 Electrostatic Force
3-2 Motion
3-2 1 Speed and Velocity
3-2 2 Acceleration
3-2 3 Newton's Laws of Motion
3-2 3-1 First Law (Inertia)
3-2 3-2 Second Law (Force and Acceleration)
3-2 3-3 Third Law (Action and Reaction)
4 Energy
4-1 Forms of Energy
4-1 1 Kinetic Energy
4-1 2 Potential Energy
4-1 3 Thermal Energy
4-1 4 Electrical Energy
4-1 5 Light Energy
4-1 6 Sound Energy
4-2 Energy Conversion
4-2 1 Mechanical to Electrical
4-2 2 Chemical to Thermal
4-2 3 Light to Electrical
4-3 Conservation of Energy
5 Heat and Temperature
5-1 Temperature
5-1 1 Measurement of Temperature
5-1 2 Temperature Scales
5-2 Heat Transfer
5-2 1 Conduction
5-2 2 Convection
5-2 3 Radiation
5-3 Effects of Heat
5-3 1 Expansion
5-3 2 Change of State
6 Light and Sound
6-1 Light
6-1 1 Sources of Light
6-1 2 Reflection
6-1 3 Refraction
6-1 4 Lenses and Mirrors
6-2 Sound
6-2 1 Production of Sound
6-2 2 Properties of Sound
6-2 3 Reflection of Sound
6-2 4 Applications of Sound
7 Earth and Space
7-1 Earth's Structure
7-1 1 Crust
7-1 2 Mantle
7-1 3 Core
7-2 Earth's Atmosphere
7-2 1 Layers of the Atmosphere
7-2 2 Weather and Climate
7-3 Solar System
7-3 1 Planets
7-3 2 Sun
7-3 3 Moon
7-4 Space Exploration
7-4 1 Rockets
7-4 2 Satellites
7-4 3 Space Stations
8 Living Organisms and Ecosystems
8-1 Classification of Living Organisms
8-1 1 Kingdoms
8-1 2 Species
8-2 Ecosystems
8-2 1 Components of an Ecosystem
8-2 2 Food Chains and Webs
8-3 Adaptations
8-3 1 Physical Adaptations
8-3 2 Behavioral Adaptations
8-4 Human Impact on Ecosystems
8-4 1 Pollution
8-4 2 Conservation Efforts
9 Health and Nutrition
9-1 Human Body Systems
9-1 1 Circulatory System
9-1 2 Respiratory System
9-1 3 Digestive System
9-1 4 Nervous System
9-2 Nutrition
9-2 1 Essential Nutrients
9-2 2 Balanced Diet
9-3 Diseases and Prevention
9-3 1 Infectious Diseases
9-3 2 Non-infectious Diseases
9-3 3 Hygiene and Prevention
10 Environmental Science
10-1 Natural Resources
10-1 1 Renewable Resources
10-1 2 Non-renewable Resources
10-2 Pollution
10-2 1 Air Pollution
10-2 2 Water Pollution
10-2 3 Soil Pollution
10-3 Sustainable Development
10-3 1 Importance of Sustainability
10-3 2 Sustainable Practices
10-4 Climate Change
10-4 1 Causes of Climate Change
10-4 2 Effects of Climate Change
10-4 3 Mitigation Strategies
10.3.2 Sustainable Practices Explained

Understanding Sustainable Practices

Key Concepts

1. Definition of Sustainable Practices

Sustainable practices are activities and methods that meet current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. They focus on balancing economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection.

2. Renewable Energy

Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal power are sustainable because they can be replenished naturally and have a lower environmental impact compared to fossil fuels.

3. Waste Management

Effective waste management practices include recycling, composting, and reducing waste at the source. These practices help minimize the environmental impact of waste and conserve resources.

4. Sustainable Agriculture

Sustainable agriculture focuses on growing food in a way that protects the environment, promotes biodiversity, and ensures the long-term productivity of farmland.

5. Water Conservation

Water conservation involves using water efficiently and reducing waste to ensure a reliable water supply for future generations. This includes practices like rainwater harvesting and efficient irrigation systems.

6. Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency measures aim to reduce the amount of energy required to provide products and services. This includes using energy-efficient appliances, improving building insulation, and adopting smart energy management systems.

7. Sustainable Transportation

Sustainable transportation focuses on reducing the environmental impact of travel by promoting modes of transport that emit fewer greenhouse gases, such as public transit, biking, and electric vehicles.

8. Sustainable Building

Sustainable building practices involve designing and constructing buildings that minimize environmental impact and maximize energy efficiency. This includes using eco-friendly materials and implementing green building standards.

9. Biodiversity Conservation

Biodiversity conservation aims to protect and preserve the variety of life on Earth. This includes protecting habitats, restoring ecosystems, and promoting sustainable use of natural resources.

10. Sustainable Consumption

Sustainable consumption involves making choices that reduce environmental impact and promote long-term sustainability. This includes buying locally produced goods, reducing plastic use, and choosing products with minimal packaging.

Explanation of Each Concept

1. Definition of Sustainable Practices

Sustainable practices ensure that the needs of the present are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. They balance economic, social, and environmental considerations to create long-term benefits.

2. Renewable Energy

Renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal power are sustainable because they can be replenished naturally. These sources produce fewer greenhouse gases and pollutants, helping to mitigate climate change and reduce environmental damage.

3. Waste Management

Effective waste management practices include recycling materials, composting organic waste, and reducing waste at the source. These practices help minimize the environmental impact of waste, conserve resources, and reduce the need for landfills.

4. Sustainable Agriculture

Sustainable agriculture focuses on growing food in a way that protects the environment, promotes biodiversity, and ensures the long-term productivity of farmland. Practices include crop rotation, organic farming, and reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

5. Water Conservation

Water conservation involves using water efficiently and reducing waste to ensure a reliable water supply for future generations. Practices include rainwater harvesting, efficient irrigation systems, and reducing water use in households and industries.

6. Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency measures aim to reduce the amount of energy required to provide products and services. This includes using energy-efficient appliances, improving building insulation, and adopting smart energy management systems to reduce energy waste.

7. Sustainable Transportation

Sustainable transportation focuses on reducing the environmental impact of travel by promoting modes of transport that emit fewer greenhouse gases. This includes using public transit, biking, walking, and driving electric or hybrid vehicles.

8. Sustainable Building

Sustainable building practices involve designing and constructing buildings that minimize environmental impact and maximize energy efficiency. This includes using eco-friendly materials, implementing green building standards, and designing buildings to be energy-efficient and water-efficient.

9. Biodiversity Conservation

Biodiversity conservation aims to protect and preserve the variety of life on Earth. This includes protecting habitats, restoring ecosystems, and promoting sustainable use of natural resources to ensure the long-term survival of species and ecosystems.

10. Sustainable Consumption

Sustainable consumption involves making choices that reduce environmental impact and promote long-term sustainability. This includes buying locally produced goods, reducing plastic use, choosing products with minimal packaging, and supporting companies that adopt sustainable practices.

Examples and Analogies

Example 1: Renewable Energy

Think of renewable energy like a never-ending stream of water. Just as a stream can provide water indefinitely, renewable energy sources like solar and wind can provide energy indefinitely without depleting natural resources.

Example 2: Waste Management

Waste management can be compared to sorting your toys. Just as you sort toys into different categories, waste management involves sorting materials into recyclables, compostables, and non-recyclables to ensure they are handled appropriately.

Analogy: Sustainable Agriculture

Sustainable agriculture is like a well-maintained garden. Just as a garden needs careful tending to thrive, sustainable agriculture requires practices that protect the soil, conserve water, and promote biodiversity to ensure long-term productivity.